Wunderpus photogenicus

Appearance

An adult wunderpus octopus displays an individually unique pattern of white spots and bands over a rusty brown background. Even though each body pattern is unique to the individual, generally all wunderpus octopuses display a circular pattern of about six white spots at the posterior lip of its mantle, head and neck area. Some of these spots are fused. As the wunderpus octopus ages, their body patterns become more complex. Each body is consistently covered in a brownish-red coloration, both dorsally and ventrally, with white lateral bands and markings along their arms, mantle, head and eye stalks. Underneath, their suckers are a yellowish-cream color. The wunderpus octopus has relatively smooth skin with papillae throughout body.

The wunderpus is also known for its ability to mimic other sea animals. The wunderpus can change its color patterns when disturbed or threatened. This quick-change artist is able to change its appearance, both color and shape, in a quick draw in order to get out of harms way. The change of its color patterns allows the wunderpus octopus to either blend in with its surroundings or mimic a venomous species to scare its threat away. The ability to change patterns and impersonate other species has evolved to ensure the survival of the wunderpus octopus.Cephalopods are difficult to track over time and distance due to many factors. Researchers usually use naturally occurring injuries and/or scars to identify individuals but this technique does not work for long term identification. An octopus is able to regenerate limbs and heal in a relatively short amount of time. Researchers also can use external tags to help track individuals but octopuses are able to remove external tags from their body making them tough to track. Other methods of tracking and identification include methods like tattooing but that puts the organism at risk so photo-identification is the best way to track this species. Due to the naturally occurring body color and patterns that the wunderpus octopus exhibits, these color markings are what is often used as a method to identifying individuals. Photo-identification allows for individuals or populations of a species to be identified and tracked without having the physically handle them. In order for photo-identification to successfully work,the body color and pattern must vary across individuals but remain constant over time. Each individual of the wunderpus octopus, exhibits unique white markings over a reddish-brown background, making photo identification the perfect method to track them over time. Being able to track and individual or population of a specific species like the wunderpus octopus, helps scientists study things like intraspecific behavioral interaction, survivorship, migration patterns and population estimates, which can better help us understand a species that is so under-documented.The wunderpus octopus has small, subraocular eyes on top of elongated stalks protruding from its mantle. Over each eye is a conical papilla. The thin-walled mantle of the wunderpus octopus has weak musculature and wide aperture. The head has a distinct neck area and is Y-shaped with the eye on each branch of the ‘Y’. The head of a male wunderpus is wider than their mantle and for female wunderpus octopuses, their mantle is wider than their head. For Females, this is due to their large ovary in their mantle. They have gill with 6-7 lamellae per demibranch present.

The wunderpus octopus has a relatively small body and a flexible hydrostatic skeleton. Their funnel organ is generally W-shaped and adjacent to the short-lateral arms. The dorsal arms of the wunderpus are the shortest, while the ventral or lateral arms are the longest. For males, the third right arm is hectocotylized and lack functional tips. The arms are an important appendage because the octopus relies on it for aggression, display, locomotion and prey capture. Each arm is typically thin, elastic and triangular in cross-section. The width of each arm increases as you move down away from the mouth, towards a quarter of the arm length. Webs develop of the ventro-lateral edge of the arms and are present the entire length of the arms. This is what allows them to make a “net” out of their arms to capture prey. Their webs, like their arms, are also thin and elastic. Their suckers on their arms are smaller and more spaced than most cephalopods and they lack enlarged suckers in both sexes.

Inside the wunderpus octopus is a short, robust intestine. Due to the short nature of the intestine, it is relatively wide. The wunderpus octopus has a crop with a distinct diverticulum and elongated anal flaps. The wunderpus octopus lack an interbranchial water pore system. They have a stylet located above the heart, that is short and made of chitin. In the mouth parts of the wunderpus octopus there are posterior salivary glands. The beak has a small upper hood and a rounded lower hood. The rostrum is bluntly hooked and there are seven teeth and two marginal plates with the radula for chewing.

Distribution

The wunderpus octopus is found in shallow waters from Bali and Sulawesi north to the Philippines and east to Vanuatu. A popular spot for the wunderpus octopus, documented by dive photographers, is in the volcanic sand plain near the Lembeh Strait. These soft-bodied octopuses are benthic creatures, living along the bottom sediments in relatively shallow waters . The wunderpus octopus prefers a habitat with soft sediment substrates that allows them to burrow under the substrate or other organisms to seek shelter. Populations of the wunderpus octopus can vary and be as dense as up to 5 individuals per 25 m2 or as little as not even being able to be spotted.

Reproduction

In male wunderpus octopus, their reproductive organ is relatively short but strong. They have a spermatophore storage sac located sub-terminally in the mantle, that takes up about 50% of the mantle’s length. This storage sac is broad and translucent allowing the spermatophores to be seen through the thin sac wall. The spermatophores are ‘unarmed’ and are usually in counts of 25-30 in these translucent storage sacs.

the female wunderpus octopus has a large sub-terminal ovary with 4 follicular folds. The female will produce around 2,000 mature small, stalked eggs within a single female brood. The female will carry her eggs in her arms and they typically die shortly after their offspring hatch. Wunderpus octopus hatchlings become water column swimmers and move around with their tiny finger-like arms rather than benthic organisms.

Mating in the wunderpus octopus involves the male mounting the female to insert its short hectocotylized arm into the mantle of the female. Typically in different octopus species in the mating ritual, the males hectocotylized arm is longer which allows more distance between the male and female.

Food

The wunderpus octopus feed from dusk to dawn on small crustaceans and fishes. They have two prime feeding strategies. The first method is the “probing” method, where the wunderpus octopus will extend their arms to crevices and holes to look for prey.  When prey is encounter, they use their arms and suckers to hold onto the prey and remove it from its burrow. The second method of feeding requires them to flare their arms and webs over coral and sand to trap their prey and this method is called “web-casting” When the wunderpus octopus does this, it almost looks like an opened umbrella. while feeding, the wunderpus octopus will retract back into their shelter to feed so they are not exposed to predators while feeding. The wunderpus octopus is a favorite in the home aquarium trade and in captivity, they display a different feeding behavior. In the wild, they typically feed in the low light of the dusk, but in captivity they have been observed feeding during the day.

Evolution

Very little is actually known and documented about the behavior and life history of the wunderpus octopus and this could partially be due to their life style choice of solitude. There is little to no social behavior exhibited in the wunderpus octopus. Of the few specific postures and behavioral patterns that have been observed of the wunderpus octopus, it is believed that they are impersonators of other animals. There are studies that suggest that the wunderpus octopus is known to impersonate animals like the lionfish and the banded sea krait. The banded white markings of the wunderpus octopus, allow it to be able to mimic the stripes and spines of the lionfish. It has also been documented that the wunderpus octopus will burrow six of their arms, leaving two free to mimic the appearance of the banded sea krait. Both organisms the wunderpus has been documented impersonating are venomous, concluding that the wunderpus does this behavior to ward off potential predators.